Definition: A credit-file request associated with an application that may affect a credit score.
In plain words
A hard credit inquiry happens when a lender checks your credit file because you applied for credit. It is recorded on your credit report.
Why it matters
Hard inquiries can lower a credit score a little, and several in a short time can look like you are seeking a lot of credit. Ask an app whether it uses a soft or hard check before you apply.
Example
Illustrative example: You apply to three loan apps in one week, and each runs a hard check. Your credit report now shows three new inquiries. A fourth lender may see them when it reviews your file.
Always read the term in the context of your own agreement and local law.
Related terms and guides
Soft credit inquiry · Underwriting · Loan approval guide