Research, Sources & Evidence
A structured evidence layer for understanding digital lending—not a list of citations. Each summary explains what a source found, how strong the evidence is, what it does not prove, and where it fits in the AppLoans knowledge graph.
U.S. Financial Resilience & Emergency Expenses
Federal Reserve SHED evidence on financial well-being, emergency expenses, savings and credit access.
Read evidence summary →U.S. Unbanked & Underbanked Households
FDIC national survey evidence on banking status and use of nonbank financial services.
Read evidence summary →Paycheck Advance / Earned Wage Access Market
CFPB market data on employer-sponsored paycheck advance use, fees and growth.
Read evidence summary →Payday Loan Use & Persistence
CFPB research on repeated payday, title and pawn borrowing and financial shocks.
Read evidence summary →Online Payday Loan Complaint Patterns
CFPB complaint data showing how consumers describe problems with online and storefront payday loans.
Read evidence summary →Canada Payday Loan Evidence
FCAC research on payday-loan use, consumer perspectives, costs and regulatory context.
Read evidence summary →Canadian Financial Well-Being & Borrowing
FCAC evidence on saving, daily-expense borrowing and financial well-being.
Read evidence summary →Advance-Fee Loan Fraud Evidence
FTC guidance and alerts on fake loan offers, upfront-payment demands and sensitive-data requests.
Read evidence summary →Borrowing Decisions & Financial Fragility
Cross-source evidence on emergency expenses, borrowing for daily needs and financial resilience.
Read evidence summary →Buy Now, Pay Later Market Evidence
CFPB market data on BNPL usage, volume, late fees and charge-offs.
Read evidence summary →Evidence methodology
See how sources are selected, dated, classified and graded for usefulness. The framework distinguishes nationally representative surveys and regulator datasets from administrative complaints, guidance and enforcement alerts.
Read methodology →Source index
Browse the primary sources used across the Evidence Center by institution, topic, jurisdiction, evidence type and publication date.
Browse source index →